Contenir - French Verb Conjugations

The Importance of Ethics Academically and Professionally...

According to plagiarism.org, â€Å"A national survey published in Education Week found that 54% of students admitted to plagiarizing from the internet; 74% of students admitted that at least once during the past school year they had engaged in serious cheating; and 47% of students believe their teachers sometimes choose to ignore students who are cheating.† About two years, a classmate of mine was caught plagiarizing. The classmate was always known to be a great writer because they would receive astounding letter grades on their papers. However when this particular assignment was turned in, they was guilty of plagiarism. Consequently they received a zero on the assignment which resulted in them ultimately failing the class. This incident†¦show more content†¦There are countless definitions for plagiarism; however we will use Brenau University’s definition as the appropriate one. Brenau defines plagiarism as, â€Å"The act of taking the words or ideas of anot her and representing them as one’s own (Brenau University, 2010).† Brenau’s minimum consequences for engaging in plagiarism whether it is intentionally or unintentionally consist of three offenses. â€Å"The first offense is a zero grade for the plagiarized assignment the student turned in. The second offense is a failing letter grade of an F for the course which the plagiarism took place. The last offense results in expulsion from school, but why is plagiarism unethical (Brenau University, 2010)?† Plagiarism is unethical because students are not able to learn, be creative, think critically, and forever practice great work ethics (Plagiarism: Why it Matters) . As described by Hope College: â€Å"Professors assign papers to provide opportunities to deepen and enrich your learning in a course. When you write a paper, you go beyond whats been said in the textbook or in the classroom, and make the learning your own. When a student plagiarizes a paper, the student misses the chance to learn. A primary purpose of higher education is to guide students in becoming independent, original thinkers. Creative and critical thought are subverted when a student plagiarizes, and a basic reason for being in college is undermined. The fair use of information and the honestShow MoreRelatedData Analytic Analysis Paper Example1011 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidering all the preparation work has been done. The feeling of anger and frustration was stressful, worrying that (a) failing of DAT650 and (b) can I still do this as a career? This realization is very worrisome and totally unexpected. While academically, it is good to learn how to foresee success and challenges, in the pace of the real world, the opportunity to really sit down and access the potential success and challenges are super slim. Being able to think on the spot and assess pros and consRead MorePersonal Philosophy, Mission and Organizational Ethics741 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal, cultural, and professional values and ethics drive the decision making processes for most individuals and businesses in our society. Ethics reflect our morals and how we apply concepts in deciding right from wrong behaviors. Ethical awareness is critical for how we conduct our lives and make choices in the workplace and by defining personal and ethical values, individual and business alike can become more productive members of society. Whether consciously considered or not, every humanRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration1124 Words   |  5 Pagesprevious public administration courses emphasized the importance of performance expectation and improvement. Efficiency and effectiveness is a goal that public administrators everywhere should work towards. 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Healthcare management that utilizes servant leadership, ethics and entrepreneurshipRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration995 Words   |  4 Pagesprevious public administration courses emphasized the importance of performance expectation and improvement. Efficiency and effectiveness is a goal that public administrators everywhere should work towards. Of my previous public administration courses, there are two courses that made a significant impact on me. Ethics and Policy Administration, and Personnel Administration in the Public Sector were my favorite courses. I enjoyed the Ethics and Public policy course, because it focused on not onlyRead MoreThe Biblical Principles Of Hard Work, Education, And Family Provisions781 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, and family provisions have developed into a contrast and comparison as to whether children should or should not do chores. As Christians, it is critically important understand the views, opinions, and numerous variables regarding the importance of daily chores and the potential effects to today’s society. This paper aims to reflect my personal study, independent research, and biblical analysis regarding the implementation of chores in the household and family environment (The Case againstRead MoreAn Advanced Business Degree Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges; second , they are willing and able to plan and implement changes to help them leverage those strengths and cope with those weaknesses and challenges (Barksdale and Lane, 2016). New investment into the training process will demonstrate the importance and value that we place on those employed at the institution, and certainly will be transferred to the learning community influenced by them. 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A physical and health education teacher is the primary source for students to see the positive benefits of having morals and ethics in health and sports. Teachers daily interact with students, colleagues, peers, and parents. Teachers need to respect students, peers,Read MoreThe Education Is A Quality Education Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved. This community needs to exist so that the youth are granted a quality education. This includes mastering basic academic skills, fulfilling basic needs, and boosting overall growth and development. All of these factors contribute to the importance of the agency and its value to our society. There would be a significant lack of order, understanding, and perspective without the schooling system in place. Primary school is one of the first new places that children are allowed to branch out and

Good and Bad Stress Free Essays

As is the case with most people, a stigma is carried with the perception that asking for help is a sign of weakness. So much so is this fact that people have taken their own lives, before doing so. This is a universal problem that, to date has no solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Good and Bad Stress or any similar topic only for you Order Now The prevalence of this problem is so severe education has been enforced almost to a mandatory level. Organizations have made suicide prevention training as such a part of the Job now that it almost seems routine. As with soldiers that are expected to operate in high stress environments, so are officers and the risk of the pressure becoming too much is always there. An Organization known as SAVE (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education) has dedicated its mission to prevention and education, as we now know that one of the biggest defenses we have to this horrible problem is an educational offense. Knowledge is power. We need stress. Our bodies endure stress everyday and a certain amount of stress is healthy. It is once we endure more than we can perceptively handle that the risk of suicide becomes prevalent. Most individuals in high stress professions excel under certain stressful situations, yet another reason that it takes a certain type of person to be able to handle the demands of police work, but every person is different and their body reaction to stress may be more severe. It is here that we see a stigma arise, in that an individual sees a counterpart that handles certain situations differently and perceptively better than they themselves creating a feeling of inadequacy. It is because of perception that so many lives are lost due to this not so silent killer. Page 3 of 4 No singular definition can be used to pinpoint a definition for stress, but we are certain that â€Å"good† stress is known to be helpful. It’s the bad stuff that we have to look out for. In the past, law enforcement suicides often were ruled accidental deaths, and they are still underreported, Dandies says. â€Å"Most of us agree that the statistics are probably much higher than we actually know, because of the shame factor. † (http://Saturday’s. Saturdays. Com) If those in need of help would look past the stigma of weakness associated with getting help would we see a decrease in these senseless losses? Of course! â€Å"†These folks are taught to suppress their emotions and soldier forward,† says Elizabeth Dandies, a psychologist who works with California police agencies in the aftermath of suicides. â€Å"It’s very difficult for them to admit they need help. † And I agree. I myself served five years as an Army PM and had to sit through countless hours of Suicide Prevention Training and memorizing a mantra using an acronym ACE. Ask your buddy Care for your buddy Escort you buddy Did I encounter individuals that could’ve benefited from counseling and refused to go? How to cite Good and Bad Stress, Papers

Ralph and Jack, the Two Vastly Different Leaders in “Lord of the Flies” Essay Sample free essay sample

In â€Å"Lord of the Flies† . Golding has made it rather clear from the beginning of the novel that while both Ralph and Jack have leading abilities their manners and attacks to taking are so different. This will be proven by the manner in which Golding describes their characters. how they react and respond to state of affairss and manage their duties. Golding in the gap chapter describes Ralph as the tall and handsome one. His magnetic visual aspect and nature makes him a appropriately elected pick as the first leader. Ralph blows the conch to piece the male childs. This is symbolic of his democratic leading manner which seeks to protect the rights of the weak and the voiceless. â€Å"But there was hush about Ralph that marked him out: there was his size and attractive visual aspect ; and most obscurely. yet most strongly. there was the conch† ( Chapter 1. page 30 ) . Jack is described in our first brush as tough and dominant. We will write a custom essay sample on Ralph and Jack, the Two Vastly Different Leaders in â€Å"Lord of the Flies† Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He takes control of the choir sharply when he commands them to â€Å"Stand still! † ( Chapter 1. page 27 ) . He is important in his traffics with everyone. He instils fright and uses it to command the male childs. This is apparent when he â€Å"snatched his knife out of the sheath and slammed it into a tree. † ( Chapter 1. page 41 ) . The verbs â€Å"snatched† and â€Å"slammed† high spots Jack’s brutal and violent nature. He sees no value in assemblies and vote. Therefore Golding contrasts the conch which symbolises democracy used by Ralph and the knife used by Jack which symbolises absolutism. Ralph’s sort and lovingness nature allows him to be a compassionate and empathic leader. When Jack is non elected as head he is still given a place of authorization and bid by Ralph. â€Å"The choir belongs to you. of course† ( Chapter 1. page 31 ) . He spares Ralph’s feelings because he knows that he truly wanted that place. He is really sensible. rational. speculative and organized. â€Å"Three of us will travel on an expedition and happen out† ( Chapter 1. page 31 ) and â€Å"I’ve got to hold clip to believe things through† ( Chapter 1. page 31 ) . Jack on the other manus is the complete antonym of Ralph. He is chesty and this is shown when he boasts about how he should be main â€Å"I ought to be chief† ( Chapter 1. page 29 ) . He is besides aggressive. immoral. rude and Frank. â€Å"Shut up. fatty† ( Chapter 1. page 28 ) when he impolitely told Piggy to maintain rather. Jack tends to move on cardinal impulses and non believ e things through. â€Å"He lowered his mentum and stared at the hints as though he would coerce them to talk to him† ( Chapter 3. page 61 ) . The manner in which Ralph and Jack handle duty differs greatly. Ralph thinks everything through before he starts and that is why he thought it would be more logical for their first demand to be shelters. â€Å"We need shelters† ( Chapter 3. page 65 ) . He besides believes that the fire is their cardinal to deliver. â€Å"So long as you and your huntsmans remember the fire-† ( Chapter 3. page 48 ) . Jack on the other manus. feels that runing is more of import because he thinks he needs to turn out himself after he could non kill the first clip. â€Å"All you can speak about is pig. hog. hog! † ( Chapter 3. page 68 ) . The manner in which the male childs handle the intelligence about a â€Å"beastie† high spots their different characters. Ralph tries to maintain everyone composure and reassure them that was no such thing. â€Å"But there isn’t a beastie† ( Chapter 2. page 47 ) . Jack used their fright to do himself more popular as he makes himself seem like their defender. â€Å"Ralph’s right of class. There isn’t a snake-thing. But if there was a snake we’d Hunt it and kill it. † ( Chapter 2. page 48 ) . Something else that sets them apart is how they handle Simon’s decease. Ralph is ashamed of himself and although he seems to seek and understate his guilt T he still feels partially responsible. â€Å"That was murder† ( Chapter 10. page 193 ) . He has a scruples. Jack nevertheless uses the decease to his advantage and makes it look that Simon was the beastie and it was good that they had killed him. â€Å"-and so ; the animal might se ek and come in. You retrieve how he crawled-† ( Chapter 10. page 197 ) . He has no consciences when he tries to rationalize why Piggy has been killed. This essay sums up the differences in both the characters of Jack and Ralph in the manner that they treat others. the manner they lead and how they take on their duties.

The Eucharist Essays - Eucharist, Anglican Sacraments,

The Eucharist SUMMARY Eucharist History -reenacts the closing events of jesus' life -links past-present-future one ceremony -powerful, meaningful ritual -last of the 3 sacraments of initiation -prescribed by christ -have to see the eucharist as body, not bread Eucharist celebrates -"a way of remembering" -daily reminder of Gods love -jesus shared bread at last supper/do this in memory of me -a thanksgiving feast -"eucharist" means giving thanx Ritual Meal -earliest form of rituals are eating and gathering -sacrifice meal -ritual not a routine -builds on the symbolism of a ritual mean Sign and Symbols -symbol of gods love for us -jesus' body -last supper/banquet -welcome others to participate in the eucharist -unfilled celebration -if we went to mass on sunday, it would make the rest of the week more meaningful -unified body -it is the most commonly received sacrament, most pivotal of 7 -as a community, we celebrate the presence of christ in the eucharist -bread: basic food for most people/closely assoc with nature human work Vestements -white/purple/black robe Words -"Do this in Memory of Me." -"This is my body, which has been given up for you." ST. ROBERT'S CATHOLIC HIGH SCHOOL "THE EUCHARIST" BY: MARK HARNUM Presented to: Mr. DiMaio NRE 2A0-09 Monday November 29 , 1993 THE EUCHARIST Thesis: The Eucharist is a sign of Jesus' death, and how He gave himself up for us, and how we experience Him through His body. History of the Eucharist The Eucharist is a Jewish Ritual of worship. It dates back to the Last Supper, where Jesus celebrated a typical Jewish community meal with His friends. Sharing a meal with family, (very important to the Jews) also dates back to the Passover Meal. This is called the Liturgy of the Eucharist, and the early Christians added Jewish synagogue service and then became the Liturgy of the Word. The Eucharist is a sacrament, and is also a ritual. It is a repeated sacrament, and is the most frequently used among all sacraments. I t is "a way of remembering" and a daily reminder if God's love. Jesus at the Last Supper shared bread with us, and said "Do this in Memory of Me." This is why we have bread, because it represents Jesus' body, and how He gave Himself up for us. The first little while of the Church, the "Mass was celebrated as a friendship meal called agape." Christians shared brought food to the house where they were assembled, but as the numbers increased, the meal was cut down to bread and wine. Today, the offertory collection echoes the early years of the spirit giving at the Eucharist. It is living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever believes has eternal life. Rituals of the Eucharist The Eucharist, breaking of the bread, sharing the wine, eating and gathering are the earliest form of rituals. These rituals are a sacrifice meal. They are sacrifice meals because they take time, and are enjoyed, so therefore it is a meal, not a routine. The sharing of the meal is important, and it is a ti me of experiencing each other. The word Eucharist means giving thanks, and the ritual of the Eucharist is like a "Thanksgiving every day of the year". Symbols of the Eucharist The Eucharist is a symbol of God's love for us. It illustrates Jesus's body, and welcomes others to participate in the Eucharist. The Eucharist is an unfilled Celebration and receiving the Eucharist on Sunday, makes the rest of the week more meaningful. It symbolizes the unified body of Christ, and the church symbolizes a community as we celebrate the presence in Christ in the Eucharist. The bread symbolizes giving thanks, and is the basic food for most people and is closely associated with nature and work of human hands. Sharing the Cup represents that drink is essential to life and both bread and wine are symbols of Christ. It also symbolizes how we can go forty days without water as opposed to five days without water. Proclaiming the Word of God means that Jesus is present in the Gospels and He comes aliv e for us in hearing the words and stories of his life. We stand to welcome Christ into our living word

The Yellow Wallpaper Quotes About Madness

'The Yellow Wallpaper' Quotes About Madness In  The Yellow Wallpaper, by  Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a short story, the narrator is isolated in her room, where shes forbidden from thinking, writing or reading. The heroine has been told shes unwell and that this isolation will be good for her. Unfortunately, it eventually leads to her loss of sanity. Gilmans tale is an allegory for how women werent taken seriously by the medical industry, which exacerbated their issues. Her heroines slow descent into madness is supposed to be reminiscent of how an oppressive society stifles  women. The yellow wallpaper which can be seen as a symbol for society continues to grow wild in the heroines imagination until shes trapped in a flowered prison. The story is popular in Womens Studies classes and considered to be one of the first Feminist  stories. Its a must-read for any lover of American or Feminist literature. Here are a few quotes from the story.   The Yellow Wallpaper Quotes The color is repellent, almost revolting: a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper This wallpaper has a kind of subpattern in a different shade, a particularly irritating one, for you can only see it in certain lights, and not clearly then.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Im getting really fond of the room in spite of the wallpaper. Perhaps because of the wallpaper.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper There are things in that wallpaper that nobody knows about but me, or ever will.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper You think you have mastered it, but just as you get well under way in following, it turns a back-somersault and there you are. It slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramples upon you.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper It becomes bars! The outside pattern, I mean, and the women behind it is as plain as can be. I didnt realize for a long time what the thing was that showed behind, that dim sub-pattern, but now I am quite sure it is a woman. By daylight, she is subdued, quiet. I fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper Through watching so much at night, when it changes so, I have finally found out. The front pattern does move-and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it!- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper For outside you have to creep on the ground, and everything is green instead of yellow. But here I can creep smoothly on the floor, and my shoulder just fits in that long smooch around the wall, so I cannot lose my way.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper

Etiology of bipolar disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Etiology of bipolar disorder - Research Paper Example ological but lately intensive psychotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a better alternative, although absolute therapy is still considered to be in its experimental stages. There have numerous studies to explain the etiology of the disease which have progressed from explanations of behavioral, social and psychological factors as its causes to the imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain and genetic defects making certain individuals particularly prone to it. As bipolar psychiatric disorder is characterized by sporadic, alternating events of depression and hyper manic state, the excitatory and inhibitory neuronal transmission have been the prime targets of pharmacological interventions. Molecular and cellular targets include inhibition of enzymes such as inositol monophosphatase, inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase, etc. by the administration of lithium salts whereby the lithium ion competes for a magnesium binding site which is responsible for prompting the action of such enzymes (Gould et al, 2004). Similarly valproate and carbamazapine inhibit another set of enzymes, as well as molecular signaling pathways in neuronal transmission. Inhibition of these enzymes is responsible for the tentative therapeutic action. Another aspect which has been noticed in psychiatric disease is the high heritability of schizophrenia as well as bipolar disorders which points a finger at the genetic predisposition to such disorders (Owen et al, 2004). Experimental studies in molecular genetics are already underway and chromosomal abnormalities have been noticed at specific locations of the human genome obtained from sufferers of psycho somatic disease. In bipolar disease, involvement of multiple genes has been suspected for long and studies are therefore intricate in design, but feasible with the modern tools of molecular biology which have become available only recently. In a genome wide association study conducted on pooled samples obtained primarily from European

Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race Assignment

Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race - Assignment Example However, the role of NYPD is to strictly keep an eye on African Americans for the sake of crime prevention and mitigation program that they should employ for the public safety. For this reason, no unjustified racial tactics may be necessary on the part of NYPD, but a strong action of priority to look out for the violent ones, which would allow us to see Mac Donald so convincing with his claim if we try to figure out this way. The strong stand of Mac Donald (2010) is to disclose the crime rates before we could actually conclude that the New York Police Department (NYPD) may have actually oppressed the city’s black population or the minority with their so-called unjustified racial tactics. It is on this ground that in his article entitled â€Å"Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race: The New York Times Is At It Again† published in the City Journal he strongly disagreed the way how the New York Times may have falsely accused the NYPD of its ‘racist stop-and-frisk practices’ that was allegedly employed on the minority of the population, consisting the Blacks, Hispanic and other nationalities. Keywords: race, crime, racial discrimination, African Americans, NYPD, justice The strong stand of Mac Donald (2010) is to disclose the crime rates before we could actually conclude that the New York Police Department (NYPD) may have actually oppressed the city’s black population or the minority with their so-called unjustified racial tactics. It is on this ground that in his article entitled â€Å"Distorting the Truth About Crime and Race: The New York Times Is At It Again† published in the City Journal Mac Donald strongly opposed the way New York Times may have falsely accused the NYPD of its ‘racist stop-and-frisk practices’ that was allegedly employed on the minority of the population, consisting the Blacks, Hispanic and other nationalities. Mac Donald (2010) said, â€Å"You cannot properly analyze police behavior w ithout analyzing crime†. Will this lead us to understanding why, as the Times claimed that in 2009 Blacks made up 55 percent of all stops even though they were only 23 percent of the city’s total population compared to the 10 percent of all stops for the Whites consisting the highest percentage of the population which was 35 percent by that time? Mac Donald has the answer. He presented the evidence that in the first half of 2009 in New York, Blacks already committed 66 percent of all the reported cases of violent crimes compared to the 5 percent among Whites by contrast. In addition, he added that Blacks committed 80 percent of all shootings in the first half of 2009 and 70 percent of all reported cases of robberies compared to the 1.8 percent for shootings and 5 percent robberies that whites committed, by contrast. This therefore according to Mac Donald should justify further why Blacks and Latinos were nine times as likely as whites to be stopped. Mac Donald suggested that the above facts should have been included in the report of Times in order to justify the truth behind why the cops are most likely to stop the minority of the population who were most of the time involved in the proliferation of crimes. In this tone of argument, Mac Donald is trying to convey the idea that Blacks could be more violent than Whites, which could further justify why the cops may have placed them as a higher priority for various crime-related investigations. Here where the actual issue of public policing may come in, which Mac Donald has also deliberately included in his argument. In line with his actual reasoning, it could be that the ultimate way to justify the action of the NYPD is to investigate the rate of crimes at present when police officers are active in mitigating the occurrence of crime especially that a significant number

Developmental Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developmental Assets - Essay Example Thus, cognitive engagement and behavior engagement encompasses the assets of school engagement and school boundaries in terms of the students’ involvement in learning activities and their adherence to school rules respectively. Similarly, emotional engagement covers the development asset of school climate adequately. The caring school climate involves an atmosphere of respect for each other as purported by progressivism. Ackerman (2003) insists that demonstrating respect for the student would foster a reciprocation of respect for the teacher thereby promoting an atmosphere of care and respect. The school personnel such as the teachers, the administrative staff and other such personnel would encourage the student to do the best that they can do at all times. The idea of showing favor to one student over the other would therefore be non existent. The second asset of school engagement incorporates the idea of a student being actively involved in learning. At no time is the student seen as a passive observer but the student is constantly involved in every dimension of the learning environment. The third assset which promotes the school as the primary promoter entails school boundaries. School boundaries emphasizes the fact that each school should have clear rules and consequences for breaking these rules. One risk factor that a student may experience without the strengthening of the caring school climate is the risk of cultural isolation or intolerance.This intolerance could lead to a rapid deterioration of the student’s self identity and self esteem. Such a decline in self worth may result in a number of inappropriate behaviors such as absenteeism, school drop out and delinquency. However, given a caring environment the students would understand the need to tolerate differences in each other whether it is colour, religion, or way of

The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay

The Perspective Of Reception Aesthetics English Language Essay Mao Zedong(1893-1976), who led the Chinese people to have obtained liberation and independence and established their own country, is a great leader, a distinguished statesman, a prominent thinker and a famous strategist. He is loved and respected by the Chinese people. However, at the same time, his fame as a poet is incontrovertible. Willis Barnstone, Professor of Comparative Literature at Indiana University in Bloomington, considers Mao Zedong an original master, one of Chinas most important poets (He Qixin, 1992:8). His poems, a crystallization of politics, history, military affairs, philosophy and art, upholds and represents the advanced Chinese culture. And his poems are cherished as a gleaming gem in Chinese contemporary literature. Zang Kejia once commented on Maos poems like this, His poems open up a new realm for Chinese classical poetry and reach the peak of modern poetry.(Lv Zuyin, 2007) Considering the highly artistic, idealistic and cultural value of Maos poetry, it is of great significance to work on its translation and the study of existing translations so as to improve their quality, guide future translation and expand the influence of Chinese poetry and culture. However, in fact, the study of English translation of Maos poetry has lagged far behind the study of Maos poetry itself. And these studies have mainly focused on the roles of the translator and the translated versions from the perspective of deconstruction. The former study analyzes the translators roles as a reader, a decision-maker and as a writer in the process of translation, and as a cultural mediator in cultural turn. It demonstrates the significance of translators roles more clearly and forcefully. The latter analyzes the ideological content in different English versions of Mao Zedongs poems. It reveals that translation is a dynamic rather than a static process under the constant influence of different ideologies. Until recent years, under the free atmosphere in the academic study, great changes have taken place in the study of Mao Zedongs poetry. The aesthetic study has achieved a great many results from the multi-level or multi-angle aspects, moreover, the linguistic features or the aesthetic features have been covered as well as the humanistic study. However, the aesthetic study of Mao Zedongs poetry has less referred from the formal and the rhetoric perspective, thus this thesis is just an attempt to the field. To present a clear account of this research, here is the outline of this thesis: The introduction briefs the writing motive of this thesis; Chapter Two reviews Reception Aesthetics theory and its core concepts, as well as feasibility studies for the translations of Mao Zedongs poems with RA; Chapter Three reproduces formal beauty and rhetorical beauty of Mao Zedongs poems; Chapter Four is a comparative study of how the construction, rhymes, rhythms and rhetoric of Maos poems are reproduced and refreshed in the four English versions (Oxford version, The official version, Zhao Zhentaos version and Xu Yuanchongs version); Chapter Five makes a summary of the comparison and discusses the losses and gains in Maos poetry translation and analyzes the reasons. The conclusion sums up the whole thesis. Chapter One Introduction to Maos Poetry and Its Four Selected English Versions 1.1 Introduction to Mao Zedongs Poetry In Maos lifetime, he wrote 67 poems altogether. Among them, 42 poems were revised and agreed by him to publish finally during his life. While another 25 poems were released to the public after his death. The writing of Maos poetry is closely related with his living background, as well as the modern history of China and the world. So, only carefully study the history background and the concrete processes of many great events, as well as Maos experience, thoughts, character and mentality, we can reveal the rich and deep connotation of Maos poems. Style of poetry refers to poems characteristics and personality of some poet. All good poems have their own styles, and all poems by famous poets have their own styles, so do Maos poems. Just as Mao Anqing had commented his father Father is a man of affectionate nature. When his emotions exalt to poems, his poems find their lives. No matter grief and joy, or vulgarism and elegance, all rest his feelings on poeple. So, to read his poems is to know him. (Xu Yuanchong, 1993:3). Thus Mao composed his poems with his whole heart and the living background. Besides, Mao likes reading and studying classical Chinese poetry, discussing about poems and arts with poets and scholars, and enjoys summarizing his poem creative experience to form his unique characteristics. 1.1.1 Profound Ideological Contents As mentioned above, the number of Maos poems is small. But each of them is full of luxuriant imagery, profound meaning and philosophy. Meanwhile, covering various themes like nature, society and life, these poems are rich in epochal character and combativeness, and always encourage people to pursuit higher target. In order to study, the 42 poems can be divided into four groups according to diachronic: The first group has 4 poems created from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party to First Great Revolution (April 1918-July 1927). Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) is a good example. These poems are Maos youth work, which are slightly inferior to later ones. But they are also very inspiring for their lofty spirits and soaring determinations. The second group has 16 poems created from the Agrarian Revolution and the Anti-Japanese War ( August 1927-August 1945), like The Autumn Harvest Uprising, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹)etc. This period is a prolific period in Maos life. Recording the most difficult historical period of the Chinese revolution, the poems are ingeniously conceived with great subjetcs and full of lofty revolutionary heroism and optimistic spirits. The third group has 2 poems created during the War of Liberation (September 1945- September 1949), like Capture of Nanjing by the Peoples Liberation Army(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. Though the number of poems is small, they were written before the victory of the Chinese revolution, with strong actuality, magnificent style and clear attitude. The last group has 20 poems created with the perspective in Maos poems from revolution to socialist transformation and construction, after the founding of Peoples Republic of China in 1949, like Swimming, Tune: Prelude to the Melody of Water' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ³Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. The poems have quite a new approach to the subjects with enterprising spirit, more allusions and humorous language, which are rich in romantic color and high artistry. However, according to synchronism, Maos poems can be divided into three groups: The first group concentrates to describe natural scenery, such as Changsha, tune: Spring in a Pleasure Garden'(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹), the Yellow Crane Tower, Tune: Buddhist Dancers' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ®Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) etc. These poems exhibit magnificence of natural scenes and extol the life of nature. The second group mainly describes society and history, such as Mount Jinggang, Tune: the Moon over the West River' (à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÂ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and two tunes of Pride of Fishermen(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹) and so on. These poems pay attention to describe the fighting of peoples army and the historical changes of whole society. And the last group mainly describes life and love, such as Seeing Luo Zhanglong off to Japan(à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ µÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹). These poems show the poet has the experience of death and parting, and even loneliness as normal people. In a word, no matter how classify, no matter how length it is, Maos poems create an absorbing poetic imagery with wonderful design, rich ideas and sentiments, and are good at expressing the complicated historical causes with terse language. Distinct Artistic Style Style is the unique spiritual temperament and creative personality showed in writers own works by themselves. It runs through all works of a writer, as well as every writings theme which composes the work, such as rhyme, rhythm, diction, rhetorical devices, and text structure and so on. Therefore, style is the writer (Buffon ¼Ã…’1753). Maos poetry is full of candid and vigorous artistic style. First, from the internality of poetry, Mao likes Li Bai, Li He and Li Shangyin (known as Three Li) very much, and is in especial love of poetry by Cao Cao. Their poems are full of broad minds and high aspirations, which strike a chord in Mao Zedong, for passion is the emotional characteristic in Maos life. Mao also said only writing out the writers own bosom and sentiment in poems, it can strike a responsive chord in readers and make them excited. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:19). Second, from the styles of poetry, Mao pursuits the styles of diligence, fortitude, largeness and boldness. He once said I prefer Cao Caos poems, with powerful spirits and grieving feelings, which shows him a true man. (à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"â€Å"à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡67). Mao also said Li Bais poems are unconstrained and imaginable, which make people relaxed and happy. So, reading Li Bais poems more could make readers open th eir minds. (à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2002:191). In all, the spirits of vigor, perseverance and self-reliance in these poems tally with Maos poetic features well. Third, from the expressions of poetry, Mao likes romantic works with rich imagination and usages of exaggeration and personification. So, Mao admires the famous poet Su Dongpo of powerful and free school in Song Dynasty very much, as well as the famous poetess Li Qingzhao of subtle and concise school. Therefore, Maos poems have characteristics of the two schools, just as he criticized himself I has a bias in favor of the style of boldness, but never totally ignore the style of gracefulness (à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’1955:413). 1.1.3 Magnificent Imagery Just like other classical Chinese poems, Maos poems are tending to use various images. Mao even showed his attitude toward poetry creation in a letter to Chen Yi that poetry conveys ideas by means of images. First, on images, Mao usually expresses feelings by nature, which makes the image great and magnificent. The most used word in his poems is à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ ±Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ «Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã…“Å“Ã ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ « and so on. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) and à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½(wind) are second, like à ¨Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ «Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã‚ , à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©- ², à ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©- ´. à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸(river), à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´(water) and à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·(sea) are third. Consequently, Mao prefers things with imposing vigor, but never uses à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ(hill), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ª(stream), à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ³(creek). Besides, Mao also prefers snow, rain, wind and frost in nature. According to statistics, there are 12 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨(rain), 13 à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ª(snow) and 8 à ©Ã…“Å“(frost) in Maos poems. In term of à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky), Maos usage is different from the ancients. à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in classical Chinese poetry mostly mapped a gloomy and mournful image, for example, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ©Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ ¾, à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  -à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ã… ¾, à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã… ¡-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ žÂ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¥ or à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" etc. instead, à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©(sky) in Maos poems shows a strong revolution will, and is often used to describe the glories and the foibles of man, such as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ·, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿- ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¦- ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆÃ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦- °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©, à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾ à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ·Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ » and so on, which obviously represent Maos heroic character and broad mind. Second, Maos images in his poems are colorful. Among various colors, Mao likes red best. For example, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ £Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, à §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ , à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ » etc. While, in à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾, metonymy is vividly used to describe rainbows magnificence with seven basic colors. At last, Mao is good at using creative and impassioned verbs to present a dynamic and exultant picture of nature. Just like à ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢, à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ »(cleave) is more forceful than à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾(fly), while à §Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ (glide) is quicker than à ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸(swim). A comparatively still object will move in Maos poems. Take à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) for example, à ¦Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸- ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã… ½Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"† Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ³Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ·Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã…’ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦-†¹, à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡. à ¥Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ±(mountain) in Maos poems is not stable and silent, but could dance, fly, walk and even run, in all, with kinds of ways to move. (à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2005) Therefore, images of Maos poems are magnificent, glorious, moving and bright colors. These not only show his heroic bearing as a giant of Chinese revolution, but produce unique rich images of classical Chinese poetry. When translating Maos poems, translators should pay attention to these characteristics. 1.2 Introduction to Four Selected English Versions According to incomplete statistics, domestic versions of Maos poetry have come to more than 200 now, including Chinese versions, minority versions, foreign versions, as well as handwriting versions, copybook versions and melodization versions and so on. Among them, the most influential ones are Mao Tze-tung: Nineteen Poems, Mao Zedong Poems (37 pieces), Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (50 pieces) published by Peoples Literature Publishing House and Collection of Mao Zedongs Poem (67 pieces) by Central Committee Documents Publishing House. Various versions of Mao poems not only make a profound and lasting influence in poetry circle, but lay a foundation for the further research. Since rhetorical devices translation in four English versions of Maos poems will be studied in this thesis. it is indispensable to know about the four selected English versions. This part will give an overall introduction to these versions; the basic information about each version will be presented in the table below: Basic publishing information about the four selected English versions Oxfords version Official version Zhaos version Xus version Translator Michael BullockJerome Chen Yuan Shuipai, Ye Junjian, Adler etc. Zhao Zhentao Xu Yuanchong Book Name Mao and the Chinese Revolutio: with Thirty-Seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung Mao Tse-tung Poems Mao Zedong Poems Selected Poems of Mao Zedong Publishing House Oxford University Press Foreign Languages Press Hunan Normal University Press China Translation Press Company Publishing place New York; London; Peking Changsha Beijing Time 1965 1976 1992 1993 Among the four versions, the former one is translated by foreigners and the latter three by Chinese. The former one is in the form of prose and the latter three are in the form of poetry with rhyme and rhythm. In the following part, more detailed information about the translator and the format and general characteristics of each version will be provided respectively for comprehensive and better understanding of their translations. 1.2.1 Oxfords Version It is the translation that doesnt come from Chinese translators, but sinologists aboard. Among these translations, the translators special position decides there never occurs any anxiety and fear, and there also has no need to bow in worship before the original author. For the subjects of translating will appear in the horizons of readers from the English-speaking world first as a literature works, the translators consider more needs of that kinds of readers when they translate. Also, it is easy to find that the translating activities by foreign scholars mainly happened in 1960s-1970s, so there will be more chance to have commons among these translations for the short time-span. In 1965, the Chinese (-Born) American scholar Jerome Chen collaborated on Mao and the Chinese Revolution: with Thirty-seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung with American scholar Michael Bullock, and published it in London and New York by Oxford University Press. As a history professor, Jerome Chen studies Chinese movement of communism and knows much about Chinas revolution and has a relatively comprehensive and deep understanding of what Maos poetry writes about. There is an introduction to Maos poems before the translations. After each translated poem, notes including the writing background and explanations of some important Chinese cultural things are given to help English readers gain a relatively complete understanding of the poems. 1.2.2 The Official Version The official translation is Mao Tse-tung poems published by Foreign Language Press in 1976. In this book, there is a photo of Mao Zedong and one of his calligraphy on the preface. The title of each poem was printed in red, while the subtitle and the lines of each poem were all printed in blank. After these translated poems, there is a NOTE ON THE VERSE FORM by translators to briefly explain the style of the poem. Because the original author Mao Zedong was occupying the leader of the nation at that time, the translating activities was held by officials and became a serious political task under the guidance of leaders from countrys most powerful office. The translation was completed by Mao Zedong poems translation group and issued by the government. All of these made the 1976 translation have great difference with others, no matter from contents or forms. 1.2.3 Zhao Zhentaos Version The name of Zhaos version is Mao Zedond Poems with thirty-nine poems. It was published by by Hunan Peoples Publishing House in 1992. There are two prefaces in the version: one is written by Han Suyin and the other by the translator himself. The translator also wrote two articles about several issues in the translated versions of Maos poetry. The two articles mainly point out the mistakes or something improper in the translated versions which show the translators carefulness and earnestness on the understanding of Maos poetry and his great faithfulness to the original especially in details. In this version, the translator adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the simple notes after each translated poem. 1.2.4 Xu Yuanchongs Version This version is named Seletced Poems of Mao Zedong containing forty-seven poems and it is published by China Translation and Publishing Corporation in 1993 for the memory of the 100th anniversary of Maos birth. In this version, there are English notes after each poem. Xu Yuanchong, the gifted and well-known poem translator, who is a professor of Beijing University and has achieved a lot in the field of translation, has idea of translating poetry with poetry. With his translation theory of three beauties, he thought the translated poem should be as beautiful as the original in sense, sound and form, and that among the three beauty, beauty in sense comes first, and beauty in sound second, and beauty in form third, and that if it is impossible to achieve all beauties at the same time, the resemblance in form will come first and then in sound as to achieve faithfulness and beauty in sense. (Xu Yuanchong, 1992) In this version, there is a photo of Mao Zedong with Mao Anqing and Shao Hua on the first page and the short preface written by them. Besides these, there is the preface written by the translator himself in both Chinese and English about his translation views and principles, mainly about the application of Three Beauty Principle in translating Maos poems. The translator also adopts the form of Chinese-English contrast and provides the English notes and some background information after each translated poem. The above versions are short for Oxfords, the Official, Zhaos and Xus separately in the following discussion. Chapter Two Reception Aesthetic Theory Review 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Reception Aesthetic Theory Reception theory is neither a general study of essence of aesthetics nor a study of criticism about literary art theory. It is rather the system of methodology concerning the study of succession of factors and laws in readers reception process, based on the theories of phenomenology and hermeneutics and aimed at readers reception in the literary work. (Davis, Linell, 2001:33) Reception aesthetics (or reception theory) was developed in German, arouse in the later of 1960s and matured in 1970s. Its main representatives are some professors from Constance University of south German, such as H.R.Jauss, W.Iser. RA broke through the traditional critical molds with writer center and works center and turned to the mold with reader center, which opened up the sight of art criticism. No matter how great difference and divarication the inside of reception aesthetics exist, there is a common basic theory, which puts readers (or reception subjects) in the central position of literature activities. According to reception aesthetics, literature is a new communication activity and it must have certain condition and place. The artworks are a medium (or tool) for artists and readers to communicate. If the words written by writers havent read by readers, they are just semi finished articles (i.e. text) and have the potential ability to be literature works, but not real ones; only read by receptionists (readers), they will be real literature works. According to this theory, writers must preset a reader (i.e. implied reader or potential reader) when writing, Literature works are regarded as a dynamic communication form between text and reader, but not a free thing. So, writing for writer is to communicate and make dialogues with his preset reader. Reception Aesthetic theory challenges traditional author centered or text centered theories which ignore the function and status of readers as well as the interaction between readers and texts. Reception theory soon spreads all over the world, and becomes a very important theory of literature and criticism. Just as Holub said, Virtually, every methodological perspective and area of literary endeavor has responded to the challenge that has raised by reception theory. (Houlb, 1984:15) 2.2 Core Concepts of Reception Aesthetics 2.2.1 Horizon of expectation Horizon of Expectation is the core conception of reception aesthetics, which refers to receptor about oriental psychological structural schema. This directional emotion is transformed from the current life and aesthetics experience, and it is a mental foundation for aesthetics, including the education level of receptor, living experience, aesthetics and literature interest, as well as experience, knowledge and works expectation formed from the familiarity about various forms and skills, which have been gotten from the whilom aesthetics experience. Among these factors forming horizon of expectation, the times, nation, culture and class where readers are make radical influence on receptors appreciation and interests. Horizon of Expectation theory points, the literature participation of any reception subjects is just a process that their horizon of expectations seek to express. Only if the works must adapt for readers horizon of expectation, they will arouse their interests and set up a channel for reception objects and subjects, then, get into the reception process. If works horizon of expectation is far away from readers, the works will lose their attraction and the channel wont be built, at last, the works will fail to make receptors get into the reception process. Translation also takes readers as objects. The direct receptor of translation is the main body of readingreaders. If there are no readers, the meaning, connotation and expression forms cannot become the objects of aesthetics, and translation also cannot have a definite object in view when conveying its information. Therefore, in this theory, readers are regarded as an important part of translating to research. 2.2.2 Fusion of horizon Since we have horizon of readers, it is not strange that horizon also includes the authors horizon and the translators horizon. The authors horizon has effect on the creation of works, which means, with different backgrounds and experiences, different authors will create different styles of works. The readers horizon mainly concerns about the process of reception. The translator, actually, has the function as a bridge. On one side, the translator is the reader who appreciates and understands the original works. On the other side, he or she is a translator. Because different translators have different background like personality, skill, education, interest, views to the world and so on. So, the translators version and recognition about translation activity and original works will be diverse. In order to let the translated versions be accepted, the translator should develop his translation skills and strategies to cater to the readers horizon. The activity of fusion of horizon happens between past experiences which are contained in the original works and present interests of its nowadays readers. It is a dynamic process. 2.2.3 Indeterminacy and blank of meaning Iser mainly focuses on the gap or indeterminacy of the text. To Iser, the most important difference between a literary and a non-literary work is just the indeterminacies that have contained in the works. There are lots of indeterminacy that constitutes the most important elements for literary works, Meaning is not contained in the text itself, but rather is generated during the reading process. It is neither purely textual nor totally subjective, but the result of an interaction between the two: the extent of our participation and the degree of the works determinacy defines the type of text with which we are dealing (Selden, 1986: 327-329). It is the existence of these blanks and gaps that force and stimulate readers to recreate and concrete. Iser proposes that literary works have two poles: artistic pole and aesthetic pole, in which, the artistic pole just means the original text created by the author, the aesthetic pole is about the realization of meaning carried out by the readers. The meaning of one certain work can only be realized through the activity that readers fill in the indeterminacy during reading. When readers read the works, they will commonly make prediction or pre-judgment. When encountered with blanks or gaps, they will fill them up actively from they own creativity, skills and so on. This process is the so called concretization of reading. In the creation of literary works, the author usually describes the main features of the text fully and clearly, while at the same time, omits purposely some unimportant features or clues and leaves them to the reader for aesthetic effect and semantic function. When Jauss was doing research on the role of literature in history, Iser decided to analyze and study the reading process and the role of readers. In Isers mind, it is the reader who helps to form the meaning of text by filling in blanks or gaps. 2.2.4 Implied reader Maybe the most distinctive feature of reception aesthetics is its emphasis on the notion of readers. Different readers have different horizon of expectations before activity of reading. It is not strange that different understanding may occur toward the same literary work. To the theorists of reception theory, literary works are created for readers; readers help to realize the meaning of literary works to a large extent. It is the historical position of literary works. Implied reader roots deeply in the textual structure, the emergence of textually and structurally anticipated acceptor and there is no need to define the acceptor. (Iser, 1971:19). Iser asks for an actual reader or empirical reader, but doesnt consider the expression of the reader. The relationship of implied reader and the text is the central focus for Iser, The implied reader embodies all those predispositions necessary for a literary work to exercise its effect predispositions laid down, not by an empirical outside reality, but by the text itself. Consequently, the implied reader as a concept has his roots firmly planted in the structure of the text; he is a construct and in no way to be identified with any real reader (Zhu Gang, 1998:116). Reception aesthetics believes that the process of literary creation is not a self completed task, it is not self-sufficient. The process is also an activity that helps to communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions and so on to the other people. Literary works can only be seen as a possible existence before being read and understood. Only after the reception of readers can literary works significance be realized. While during the process of reception, the receptive activity is not a passive one but an initiative one. The readers not just simply read the works, but he or she will fill in the gaps and indeterminacies with his or her own imagination, life experiences, interests, etc. Without participation of the reader, literary works are not true. The aesthetic sense and function of literary can be achieved only through the interaction with readers. It is the reader that creates the beauty and vitality of literary works persistent. 2.2.5 Appealing structure The concept of Appealing structure is put forward firstly by Edmund Husserls student Roman Ingarden. Iser has absorbed many ideas from Ingarden, among which, the concept of indeterminacy and blanks were Isers focal point. It is the existence of indeterminacy which links the writers ideas in the process of writing and the readers reception ideas in the process of reading that make literary works lively and vital à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦only through readers effort can the writers ideas shown in the text be actualized or concretized in different ways and reappear in different looks in readers mind. Indeterminacy of the text and vacancy of meaning urges readers to look for the meaning of the text; as a result, readers are given the right to participate in forming the meaning: the meaning is the result of an interaction between text and reader rather hides in the text to wait to be discovered. Thus an open text and its meaning blanks form the basic structure of the text, which is what we called ap pealing structure. (Houlb, 1984:25). In conclusion, reception aesthetics breaks through the traditional text-centered theories and establishes readers-centered viewpoint. It proposes that the meaning of literary works is depended on the readers. The dynamic interaction of the readers previous experiences and the text gives birth to the concept of the readers response. The readers imagination and interpretation can be fully realized from the indeterminacy and gaps that are contained in the text. The appealing structure forces the readers to participate in the interaction with the text and to actualize the hidden meaning of the text. To reception theorist, literatures historical significance lies in the readers pre-experience which joins literature to history. Different readers with different background, interests, education, aesthetic abilities and so on will interpret the same text differently. Reception aesthetics is either important to literature theory or to criticism. Just as Jauss mentioned, Reception Aesthetics opened a view the possibility of renewing literary history, exhausted and mired in positivism, by giving it the task of seeking a new understanding of the history of literature as a communication process between all three parties, namely, the author, t

Reading and its Effects on Development Essay -- Early Childhood Develo

Reading and its Effects on Development Over the years the attention focused on children from birth to three years has increased dramatically. Actually, it was in the 1970’s that researchers began to believe that reading to infants would help to stimulate their growth and development. Up to the decade of the 1970’s many people believed that infants lacked any intellectual abilities. Some people also believed that an infant’s hearing and vision were not operative in the first few months of life. But, over the years studies have proven otherwise. The first three years of life have been proven to be the most critical years in a child’s development. One area looked at by researchers and teachers are is how reading to infants and toddlers affects their development. Researchers and child development specialists advocate that parents begin reading to their children, even from birth, because it helps the child’s brain to develop more quickly and aids in the development of language skills. Brain development is very crucial in the first three years of life. Experts now say it’s the first three years of a child’s life that may hold the key to the future (Phillips, 1998). Infants are born with about one hundred billion brain cells, and when the child is not stimulated the brain cells die off. The critical period of brain development is within the first six months of life; the sensitive period of brain development includes birth to three years of age (Murray, n.d). At three months the brain has the potential to distinguish several hundred spoken sounds. Over the next few months the brain organizes itself to recognize only the sounds it hears (Phillips, 1998). This shows that if a child is not exposed to literature and other ... ...We Make a Difference? Pediatrics. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0950/4_105/62023007/print.jhtml Maxcey, M.(1998, April 29). Reading to Children Stimulates Early Brain Development. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from http://www.agnews.tamu.edu/stories/CFAM/Apr2998a.htm Murray, B. (n.d). Understanding brain development and early learning: New research better inform the ‘nature vs. nurture’ issue. FACSNET. Retrieved April 23, 2003, from http://www.facsnet.org/tools.sci_tech/biotek/eliot.php Phillips, A. (1998, April 27). Baby’s brain: First three years of life may hold the key to child’s future. Courier. Retrieved April 22, 2003, from http://www.wcfcourier.com/life98/980426first.html Porter, P. (2003, April 6). Early Brain Development. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from http://www.educarer.com/brain.htm

Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People.

UNIT: TDA 2. 2 SAFEGUARDING THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE. Question 1. TDA 2. 2: LEARNING OUTCOME 2. 4 Describe in detail the actions that you would take response to the following emergency situations in your setting to include: †¢ Fire †¢ Security incidents †¢ Missing children and young people *********************************************************************** EMERGENCY SITUATIONS FIRE: If i discovered a fire on the premises i would immediatly raise the alarm, if i was near to a phone i would also dial 999. On hearing the alarm the head teacher would dial 999 or instruct a member of staff to do so). I would only tackle the fire if possible using the appliance provided if it was a small fire and i knew how to use the appliance provided correctly and safely. On hearing the fire alarm, i would follow the instructions of the teacher in charge. I would calmly assist in gathering all pupils and guiding them out through the nearest fire exit immediatly. If i w as the last person out i would ensure i closed all doors behind me. All persons, staff and pupils would report to the assembly point (in my case it would be the front yard). A register would be taken. The school policy states any absentees an immediate search will be made. The policy also states do not take risks and do not return to the building until authorised to do so. I would closely listen and follow instructions from the head or teacher in charge. I know where all the fire alarms are and fire exits within the school and have read the fire notes that are on the wall in the classroom. SECURITY INCIDENTS: Any persons entering the school must do so through reception. At reception there is a signing in book any visitors to the school must sign in here. The visitor must indicate time of arrival, name, reason for visit, and if necessary provide i. d. All visitors are required to wear an i. d badge, and must sign out as they depart. If i noticed any unidentified people on the school premises i would challenge them immediately, and report to the teacher or head my concerns. All door are secure so people cannot enter from outside but they can be opened easily from the inside in the event of emergencies such as a fire. Should there be a security alert within the school i would follow the instructions of the person in charge and ensure all children are in the classroom, where a register would be taken. I would assist in keepin children calm and keeping them in the classroom. nobody would be allowed to enter or leave the building until the head gave permission. MISSING CHILDREN OR YOUNG PEOPLE.. If i realised a child was missing i would report to the teacher in charge immediately, i would state where and when i last seen the child. I would assist in keeping the children calm and gathering all the children together whilst a search was organised. I would follow instructions from the teacher in charge and assist in the search for the missing child if i was required to do so. The school would be put on lockdown and no one would be allowed to enter or leave the building. If the child was not found on the premises the childs parents/guardians and the police would be contacted.

How Spyware Affects Internet Advertising †Information Technology Essay

How Spyware Affects Internet Advertising – Information Technology Essay Free Online Research Papers How Spyware Affects Internet Advertising Information Technology Essay Have you noticed that your computer runs slower than when you first purchased it? The most likely culprit is SpyWare. It’s a software program that snoops on your browsing activity. It collects information from your computer and sends the data to anyone willing to pay for it, without your permission and knowledge. Typically, marketing companies use your personal details to inundate you with advertisements of their products by using AdWare. AdWare is a software program that causes advertising banners and pop-ups to be displayed on your computer. SpyWare and AdWare slow down the computer, cause crashes, interfere with the web browser and also slow down the internet connection. If you are paying for dial-up internet access, SpyWare is literally costing you money. Spyware has eclipsed viruses as the fastest growing online threat. Simply surfing the Internet, reading emails and downloading files can infect your personal computer (PC) without you even knowing it. SpyWare’s ability to track keystrokes, scan hard drives, and change system and registry settings is a tremendous personal and enterprise security threat. It can lead to identity theft, data corruption and even theft of company secrets. While SpyWare is typically not hazardous to your PC, it is annoying. It is the next generation of spam. Industry experts say that SpyWare will be the number one threat to network security. Rising SpyWare threats and increasing demand for protection have forced established security vendors to build, buy, or partner with standalone anti-SpyWare vendors. While a number of anti-SpyWare solutions are available as free downloads, there are other paid solutions from market leaders like Symantec, Trend Micro and McAffee. In the last six months of 2004, AdWare programs made up 5% of the top 50 Symantec customer reports while Webhancer was the most frequently reported SpyWare program, representing 38% of the top ten SpyWare reported. Research Papers on How Spyware Affects Internet Advertising - Information Technology EssayOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Six Feet Under is an hbo production that takes a darkly look at members of an independent funeral home Essays

Six Feet Under is an hbo production that takes a darkly look at members of an independent funeral home Essays Six Feet Under is an hbo production that takes a darkly look at members of an independent funeral home Essay Six Feet Under is an hbo production that takes a darkly look at members of an independent funeral home Essay Essay Topic: Fun Home Six Feet Under is an hbo production that takes a darkly look at members of an independent funeral home. The series takes a funny and emotional look at a grieving American family that happens to be in the grief management business. Containing adult and sexual content the series is aimed for an adult audience. What emerges through the series is a quirky, sometimes disturbing but ultimately life-affirming story of a resilient American family. Location The opening titles in six feet under use a broad variety of locations. The first shot is of the sky which gives an image of heaven and the raven flying through the sky suggests death as it is known for death. The opening shot immediately tells us the show will be dealing with death. The camera pans down towards a tree in the middle of a field, this brings up the idea of life which is linked to heaven and death. The camera angle of the field is slightly slanted which gives the idea that the program will contain an unusual content and storyline. The shot of the hands parting is very effective because it shows the separation of loved ones. The hands rubbing together suggest preparation for something like a post Morton or having someones organs taken out. The shot of the feet has the tag on it suggests a bit of black humour and a job well done. As the trolley is moving through the corridor it starts to dissolve, this gives the effect that the body is fading away and moving towards heaven . The flowers show the cycle of life because as they are growing they show life and when they start to wilter it shows the slow and painful process of death Camera Shots/Angles The camera shots throughout the opening titles mainly consist of close ups which give us the impression that the show will be dealing with emotions and feelings. The director has used a low angle shot of the hearse because it makes to look more intimidating and more threatening. The director has used slow motion to a great effect when the hands are rubbing, the slow motion gives the effect that an operation is about to be performed. The camera movement is used to great effect as the camera has a still shot of the sky it suddenly starts tracking a raven, this gives the link between live and death. The tracking of the trolley moving through the corridor shows the body travelling the long distance to heaven. The panning is used well as link of life to life when we see the camera pan from the sky to the tree. Colour A sky blue is the first colour used in the opening titles, this suggests heaven will be involved somewhere through the show. The director has mainly used bright and dull colours throughout the opening titles to give the effect of life and death. The director has used colour to a big effect, the flower starts of as a bright pink colour which suggests life and then it starts to wilter to a brown colour which gives an image of death, and this is very effective because it shows the process of life to death. Colour plays a major part throughout the opening titles of Six Feet Under because as a dull colour is shown it immediately gives the viewer an image of death and as a bright colour is used it gives the viewer the feeling of life. Editing The director has made few edits in the opening titles because it has many different locations. The director has used various different styles of editing in the opening titles. The fading gives the effect of not being rushed, the speed is at a dignified pace which is connected with the music. As the trolley is moving towards a bright light the colour fades into blank which gives the effect as entering heaven. The body is made to look historic by giving it a marble effect, the bright white light is made up of different spectrum. The tree at the end of the titles slowly fades to white this gives the incentive that show is about to start. Sound The director has chosen a number of rhythms. Using beats and fastening the pace for different effects in a very effective way. The first note we hear is a bell ringing this shows the start of something special. The speed picks to a more dignified pace and the music sounds as if there is a journey, this is linked to the journey towards heaven. The pace is fast as the flower is growing and as it starts wiltering we hear a high pitched note and the speed slows down. Towards the end of the titles the sound starts to fade away to let the viewer know the show is about to start. Conclusion The opening titles six feet under were successful because they give they were very effective and gave an incisive look into the series. The opening titles immediately suggest that the series will contain life and death as the shot of the sky and raven is shown. The director has used colour to major effect as it shows the effect of each location, the flower goes through different stages and this is shown by changing the colours from bright to dull. The sound was very important in the opening titles because each time there was a different location the sound would change to a certain speed or rhythm. Overall the opening titles were a success and all areas of making the titles were successful.

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics - Essay Example Macroeconomics uses the general equilibrium theory to study the economy as a whole. The aggregates used by macroeconomics for the study include national income as well as output, the rate of unemployment and inflation level. It also uses some sub aggregates like spending on consumptions and investments and their components. Macroeconomics also examines the effect of fiscal and monetary policy. It can be characterized as modeling of sectors on the basis of some micro components. The factors that have the potential to affect the long term growth prospects as well as can affect the level of national income is not outside the purview of macroeconomic analysis. The factors that have such kind of potential include changes in technology, capital accumulation and growth of the labor force (Cencini, 2005, p. 2). The models of macroeconomics and the forecasted results determined using those models is in need for the government as well as for the large ownerships as this kind of analysis will h elp them in their path of development and build new strategies of business. Some of the famous macroeconomic models include Aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model and the ISLM model. The once divided fields of monetary policy and the business cycles led to the emergence of macroeconomics. The contribution of J.M. Keynes to macroeconomics cannot be ignored. His book â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money† depicts the key concepts of macroeconomics. He offered a modern theory of economics which dealt with the problem on why the market is not clear and eventually a school of economists evolved who seemed to follow the Keynesian theory (Andolfatto, 2005, p. 2). Microeconomics It deals with the behavior of the basic elements within the economy. The agents involved in microeconomics include households and firms. It mainly tries to analyze the behavior of the firms and households with the market (Barro, 1997, p. 3). Microeconomics can be defined as the study of economics that analyses the actions of the individual players and structure of the markets where they operate. Microeconomics takes care of the private, domestic as well as the public players. The study relating to the interaction of these players in the market is called microeconomics. The various structures of market that is examined in microeconomics include perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. Production is defined under microeconomics as inputs into outputs. Production can thus be defined as the flow of output over a period of time. The most directly observable attributes under microeconomics are price and quantity. The coordination or the relationship of price with quantity demanded is explained using the law of demand (Dilts, 2004). The law of demand is applied in microeconomics to determine the price and output in a market structure of perfect competition where no sellers or the buyers have the capability to determine or control the market price. Microeconomic analysis is applied by the business firms as they involve themselves in quantitative research and statistical methods with the aim to make strategic decisions. One of the objectives of microeconomics is to analyze the mechanisms of market. It sets up the relative prices amongst the services and the goods and also allocates the limited resources among the many available alternative uses. Some of the significant fields of study under this branch of economics include asymmetric information, general

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International business - Essay Example China fits the needs of my criteria because it presents great opportunities and great challenges: China has something for everybody, but it is not always an easy place to do business and it is getting harder as a result of China’s harmonization of trade rules and tightening of loopholes. (Inch, 2008) The best location to have new branch outside of Qatar is China because it is an industrial country and encourages investment and businesses. It competes with well-developed country such as USA. Notably, China also offers a cheap labor at all times. Another encouragement for me is to learn and serve the entirely different cultural manifestations, thoughts, and natural geography. Collectivistic cultures have a great emphasize on groups and think more in terms of ‘we’. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. China indicates that a society is a representation of collectivism rather than individuality. Collectivism was certainly present throughout the country – strangers are to be treated like friends, and although emotions of individuals are important, the group is also very important in decision-making. Most Importantly, Social relations are often expressed by the exchange of gifts. An important concept within Chinese social relations is the concept of face and many other Oriental cultures. Hence, people are perceived as being "near" or "far" rather than "in" or "out". (Oneness, 2010). Ascription involves elderly influence, relationships and his/her position in the community. Chinese do not focus on the achievements; however, the primary focus is on the elderly, having relationships or prestige in the community. So, there will be a little bewilderment to find the employees due to an ascription culture. Hence, the rules of recruiting should follow the same rules that the people of the country follow. They relate status to

The Rise of the Tablet PC in the U.S. Market Essay

The Rise of the Tablet PC in the U.S. Market - Essay Example carriers like AT&T Inc., Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel Corp. and T-Mobile USA (Kharif). The United States tablet PC market is in a growth succession and has became very trendy and a great competitor for computer companies, and by 2015, tablet users are anticipated to develop from an expected 26 to 82.1 million. The market is presently dominated by Apple Inc., yet they will shortly have a new contestant challenging them to come down off their thrown thanks to China’s second-largest manufacturer of mobile-phone gear, ZTE Corporation, publicized its plan to uncover an Android tablet in the U.S. before the end of 2011. Apple’s tablet, the Ipad 2 achieved a market share of 75% in September 2011, leaving only a 25% market share for its rivals. Android based tablets, like the notorious Ipad, will soon be eligible for purchase for a surprising $499 which will get the attention of a lot of tablet lovers, yet there is other competition and brands to consider when this new Android gadget launches because the tablet can be found at Dell, Hewlett Packard, Gateway, Ace r, and other well-known computer and electronic distributors, so a really competitive attitude and business strategy will have to be in place for Apple to stay at the top of the list of the world’s preferred company to buy tablet computers and other Apple made products and services. Despite ZTE’s current success and future plans, one of the greatest aspects about Apple Inc. is that they really strive hard to satisfy their customers because they are not only a leader in making fine PC equipment, yet they provide exceptional 24 hour customer service, have many different certifications and employment opportunities all over the world for anyone interested in becoming employed at their company, and their corporations are in place throughout the globe along with millions of products sold at national and international stores. However, ZTE, based out of Shenzhen, feels that they will rise to the

War And Terrorism As A Social Prolem Essay Example for Free

War And Terrorism As A Social Prolem Essay That war and terrorism remain the worst fear of man in the 21st century, is a truism that calls for no dispute. In fact almost every country in the world today has put measures into place to curb this ever emerging catastrophe. The united states of Americas top agenda has also in the recent past become to be the war on terror hence the war has been an age old phenomena facilitated by a myriad of reasons, terrorism is a rather new phenomena characterized by many reasons some of which are ambiguous and misplaced as will be discussed later in this paper. Many authors have not drawn a line between what should be viewed as war and what is to be classified as terrorism. Too many of these authors, war and terrorism are inextricably intertwined and thus affording no distinction one such author is Chris Toms. All players though acknowledge that terrorism mad war is a social problem that needs to be Addressed urgently. The was a result of the Second World War and especially the August 1945 bombing of two Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Here the deaths, maiming and damage of property all a result of war made nations come together to avoid future occurrence of horrid incidents such as the bombing. This paper boards on the Thesis that war and terrorism are related issues. And to be able to successfully address them distinctions should be made carefully further the paper will show how terrorism springs form war and vice-versa. Lastly the paper will strive to elaborate how war and terrorism are indeed a social problem. War and terrorism go hand in hand,and their results have been the worst in the whole world because of their impact in general. Many leaders have used war and terrorism to assend to power or to communicate with their enemies,but all in all war and terrorism should be the thing of the past for better society. People see war and terrorism from different percepctives, they are those see it from negative percepctive,that is those who see it from bad effcts it brings to community or natio, more so to woman and children. And there are those who see war and terrorism from positive sides. This comes from seeing what the war and terrorism will bring to their lifes,or seeing it as the one which will solve their problem. CAUSES OF WAR AND TERRORISM As stated in the introductory paragraphs war has been an age old problem in fact strong empires like the Roman Empire, the Soviet Union and others become powerful as a result of war. Readers of the Bible will also at least to the fact that wars have existed since the history of man. Causes of war and terrorism can be many,can range from poor leadrship to poverty ,which are the main causes. Every war and terrorism which have occurred has its causes. War and terrorism has been there from time memorial,it never started recently. The first war therefore according to the scriptures pelted Cain against each other in the womb (Genesis, 25:22). Reasons for wars are varied as can even be seen from the two bible incidents. In the first instance for example, Cain killed the brother out of sheer jealousy while in the second scenario, it was a battle for supremacy. WAR AND TERRORISM DEFINED War has been defined from the military standpoint to mean a continuation of political intercourse in addition with other means (Carl von Clauswitz). Terrorism on its part has been defined to mean those acts which are intended to create fear are perpetrated for a group (as opposed to being carried in one attacks) and which are deliberately target or else disregard to safety of civilians (wikipedia the dictionary) The wikipedia definition no matter how excellent it may look and sound, it misses out on the fact that a lone attacker can perpetrate an act or acts of terrorism. Secondly an act of terrorism can at times not be motivated by an ideology. In the US acts of terrorism have been committed by one attackers with otherwise no sound ideological backing for instance, Tim Mc veigh to name just but a few. What needs to be known is that terrorism can be carried by lone attackers and that it matters not whether or not an ideology is attached to attacks. In fact many attacks in Iraq on US soldiers arent backed by the jihads ideology but from sheer despair in life by Iraq youth. This can also be evidential by the fact that many attacks are carried out by youths and not middle aged or old men and women. So if Jihad is the motivating factor in Iraq then the old folks should have been at the forefront because it is they who understand the religion better not the youth. ON WAR AND TERRORISM WHERE DO WE DRAW THE LINE Terrorism and war as earlier stated are closely related issues because both can be viewed as a continuation of intercourse and or ideology. Take the September 11 attacks on US soil for example. After the Taliban regime whom it accused of harboring terrorists mastermind Osama bin laden. This led to invasion and overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. But did terrorism end there? The answer is no. Attack after attack has been launched in US soldiers in Afghanistan. It has also been reported that in the Tarboro mountains where Osama is believed to be has become the recruiting haven of would be/prospective terrorists. When a war is declared on areas or states suspected tope conducting terrorist activities, two things takes place. One two fronts are created in the war, putting the offended state against the offending state. Two another war is created as a counter attack to the offended state. Succinctly put, there is a shift of goal posts and the hunted becomes the hunter. Take the Taliban overthrow by United States as an example for another time. The Taliban regime did not go to oblivion but regrouped and started sponsoring terrorist’s attacks on us and her allies, e. g. Israel and Britain. Much that these terrorist activities are purely seen as such (terrorists) they are truly speaking and according to their sponsors a war on America. It therefore becomes difficult to draw a line between war and terrorism. But as a matter of fact a line should be drawn because war can at times be necessary but terrorism is simply unwanted. To draw the line therefore, International war standards must be invoked only then will be able to distinguish between a â€Å"right full† war and terrorism. So that if a war springs form that â€Å"rightful† war it is unanimously branded terrorism. CAUSES OF WAR AND TERRORISM Politics: Carl von clau sewitz, a profound military theorist once said that politics was the main cause of war. He went on to state that war is a continuation of political intercourse. (War and terrorism: The never ending fight for freedom) Personally, I cannot agree more with the author because even the Tibet and China conflict is motivated by the politics of independence. This has been to some extent of the motivating factor in the recent time in the conflict between the Tibetans and Chinese has been the sociological imagination among the timberworks that it is the opportune time for them tope granted independence. The problem has also been worsened by the fact that Tibetans are a minority group this other factors make them to imagine sociologically of course that they are oppressed hence their uprising. Given the fact that the Olympic Games will be held in China the Tibetans see this as an opportune time to press for their â€Å"rights† Cultural differences: This is yet another cause of war and terrorism. The world is full of different diverse cultures and each society considers their culture as the superior, but with globalization the cultural way of life is fast headed for the dogs with more and more societies now at home with the American cultural way of life. At this point we are faced with a situation where we have a dominant culture versus the society/societal values, dissenting voices maybe heard and is not addressed, conflicts resulting to war and even as the scarf’s were banned and people obliged, there is still disgruntling among the Muslims in France. Further the social structure can also in itself and with other factors be a brewing factor in wars. Take for example Muslims are taught that when one dies in a holy war, then they go to heaven while a holy war might include the killing of people. Christians on their part have been socialized to adhere to the Ten Commandments. Among Africans wars were seen as arenas for providing self worth ferocious warriors would marry the prettiest girls around and be made chiefs. The social structure was such that the lazy men were considered outcasts. And to prove bravely chiefs would send men for raids in neighboring community (proof. Mbithi, P. Africa religious philosophy) so the social structure should itself be a factor in wars. Change in balance of power: This is another major cause of war. In most developing countries wars arise when a tribe or community feel that one of their own has been denied that which belongs to him or them. This even motivated by history especially where a dominant class has oppressed the other groups. As earlier stated wars are not absolutely unnecessary because even if it is a social problem, states must protect their borders form external aggressors but then again there must be justified cause before going to war others have argued that wars are avoided and barbaric (Chris toms and terrorism, the never ending fight for freedom). This is actually true given the consequences of war e. g. deaths, tape loss of property and so on. Besides other avenues can be used like mediation and so on. Marginalization of communities or states can be another causation of war. The growing gap between the haves and the have not is another major challenge. Revolution world over have been informed by levels of poverty and inequality in distribution of resources thereby creating two classes of people that is haves and the have notch. This problem is vicious in that as it progresses the status quo is changed and the cycle starts all over again. In that the previous haves become the have knots and vice versa. So that the recipe in itself will guarantee endless wars in the future BREAKDOWN OF BODY POLITIC: Yet another cause of war is the breakdown of the body politic. When the body politic breaks down wars may arise to fill the vacuum. A good example is Somalia. After the overthrow of said Barre and in abides by the warlords to take the place of the deposed president there has been a war since 1991. Terrorists have taken the opportunity and now Somali is a perfect haven for terrorism activities. Natural resources: Apart from politics which is thought to be the main factor in many wars and terrorist activities, from the Iraq war which is said to have been motivated by oil to the Niger delta conflict (Nigeria) The Angola diamond crisis and so on, Again wars necessitated by fight for mineral resources should be resolved by both parties and all must be willing to work together by either equitably sharing the resources or by vesting them in people where they are found because wars brought about by the fight for minerals take many years to come to and end. The Angola war took nearly three decades to stop and this has far reaching social consequences like illiteracy, disease and untold poverty among the society. SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF WAR AND TERRORISM A social problem is a condition that at least some people in a community view as being undesirable. This definition when used to weigh whether or not war is desirable products mixed reactions with others viewing it as desirable while to others it is undesirable but the truth is that war is undesirable given the ramifications that come with it. So how do we solve this problem? Since the society has diverse cultures, and that war and conflict not to mention terrorism spring from the differences, there should be a cultural exchange at a very early age. Here children in schools should be allowed to mingle and grow with children form other cultural background by that, they will grow respecting other cultural background by that, they will grow respecting other peoples background and cultures. Social exchange to this end is in available. The second step in addressing the issue is encouraging peaceful 7 co-existence Governments should urge citizens to live in harmony and peace with their neighbors if this is needed then undesired wars will come to a stop. Another way would be engaging in peace negotiations and agreements. Here warring parties are to be given an opportunity to present their thoughts on negotiations and allowed to express their thoughts. (Women Building peace and good neighbors) To solve problems, all dispute evoking situations must be avoided so as avoid undesired conflict situations. Another option is to have in place; mechanisms for early warning and early response of would be war or terrorism situations (NURTURES OF PEACE, SUSTAINERS OF AFRICA) If this is done, then many disputes will be put to rest as quickly as they emerge. If done, then in the next 10-20 years the world would be moving to the dawn of a new era but the achievement wont fully be reached overnight (not even in 20 years time) peace building, perception changes and religious liberty takes time to come by. Having said that, it is prudent to note that it will need more time to have some degree of social order in the world and we should try as much as possible to avoid war and terrorism after seen its impact to the socity and to the whole world.War and terrorism should be condemed from every country ,solving any conflict should be done civized manner References. 1. Good News Bible 2nd Ed (1994) Gen 4:8, 25:22 (pg 6-27) 2. Chris Toms: (2008) war and terrorism: The never ending fight for freedom 3. Mbithi Philiph (1974) African religious philosophy: (p. g 67-72) 4. Women building peace and good neighbourliness: WICCE Report 18-29 sept 2006 MOZAMBIQUE. 5. NURTURES of peace, sustainers of Africa: A report by selected womens peace initiatives